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(Often abbreviated Elco) is the usual form of condenser tube, having two poles of positive and negative polarity legs, long legs and is characterized by positive or negative short while near the sign minus (-) is the negative leg. The rated capacity of 0.47 μF (microfarads) to thousands of microfarads with a working voltage of several volts to thousands of volts.
The condenser ceramics (Ceramic Capacitor)
There is a thin round shape, there is a red square, green, brown and others. In mounting the circuit board (PCB), may be inverted because it does not have a positive and negative legs. Have capacities ranging from a few pico Farad up to hundreds Kilopiko Farad (KPF). With a maximum working voltage of 25 volts to 100 volts, but there is also to thousands of volts.Examples of such in his written = 203, the rated capacity = 20,000 pF = 20 KPF = 0.02 μF.If the body is written = 502, the rated capacity = 5000 pF = 5 KPF = 0.005 μF
Variable capacitor and trimmerVariable condenser and condenser type trimmer is the capacity can be changed. This condenser is subject to change due to the physical capacity to have an axle that can be played using a screwdriver.Variable condenserVariable condenser is made of metal, has a maximum capacity of about 100 pF (pikoFarad) to 500 pF (100pF = 0.0001μF).Variable capacitor with a spool and spool oscillator antenna serves as a voter certain frequency bands to be captured.
Condenser trimer
While the trimer condenser in parallel with variable capacitor serves to fine tune the selection of frequency bands.Trimer condenser has a capacity below 100 pF (pikoFarad).
Fixed condenser
Fixed capacitor is a capacitor whose value is constant and unchanging. Fixed condenser there are three different forms:
Condenser polyester
Basically the same as ceramic capacitors as well as how to calculate its value. Rectangular shape like a candy. Usually have red, green, brown and so on.
Condenser paper
Condenser paper is often referred to as padder condenser. Eg placed on a radio series from the spool to a variable oscillator condensator. Capacity values used in the oscillator circuits include: * Capacity 200 pF - 500 pF for the medium wave (Medium Wave / MW) = 190 meters - 500 meters. The capacity of 1000 pF - 2200 pF for the short wave region (Short Wave / SW) SW 1 = 40 meters - 130 meters.
The capacity of 2700 pF - 6800 pF for the waves of the SW 1, 2, 3 and 4, = 13 m - 49 meter.Nilai capacity there is a direct writing there are also some who wear the color code. Multiplication Table condenser paper:
Condenser is shaped like a resistor, it's just that he's smaller.General damages in the electrolyte condenser of which are:- Dried (capacity change)- Surge- Explosion, which is due to wrong in giving positive and negative voltages, if the maximum voltage limit is exceeded can also explode.While the condenser of polyester, paper, ceramics, to know that the condenser is damaged is to use a 10k avo meter range. if the measuring feet, and the needle moves even a little mean avo damaged.TRANSISTOR
Transistor is a semiconductor device used as an amplifier, a circuit breaker and connecting (switching), voltage stabilization, signal modulation or the other function. Such transistors can function electric valve, which is based on its input current (BJT) or input voltage (FET), enabling highly accurate power flux from the source of the electrical circuit.In general, the transistor has three terminals. Voltage or current that is installed in a terminal set up a larger current through the two other terminals. Transistor is a very important component in modern electronic world. In analog circuits, transistors used in amplifier (amplifier). Analog circuits surrounding the speaker, the power source is stable, and the radio signal booster. In digital circuits, transistors are used as high-speed switch. Some of the transistor can also be arranged in such a way that serves as a logic gate, memory, and other components.Dapatdibedakan transistor into two types: type pnp transistor and transistor transistor type npn.pada same principle with two diodes are disusunsaling contrary,
Type NPN type PNP
Transistors are electronic components multitermal, biasanyamemiliki 3 terminal. Literally, the word 'Transistor' means 'transfer resistor', which is a component of the resistance value between terminalnyadapat set. In general, the transistor is divided into three types:A. Bipolar Transistor2. Unipolar transistors3. Transistor UnijunctionBipolar transistors to work with two kinds of carrier, sedangkanunipolar one kind only, hole or electron. Some bipolar and unipolar perbandingantransistor:
In the bipolar transistor, current flows in the form of the current hole (hole) danarus electron or a minoritas.Transistor majority charge carriers and can serve as a voltage amplifier, current amplifier, power amplifier or a switch. There are two types of the PNP transistor in the design of utilization danNPN.Transistor diode characteristics, the current leads can be controlled by the electron daridiode added to PNdiode meeting. With the addition elekdiode this controller, the diode can be considered semi-conductor diode having two electrodebersama at the meeting. Junction bipolar transistor are called and can be described as follows:
The types of transistorIn general, the transistor can be differentiated based on many categories:Semiconductor materials: Germanium, silicon, gallium arsenidePhysical packaging: Through Hole Metal, Plastic Through Hole, Surface Mount, IC, etc.Type:A. UJT,
UJT, is a simple device which is essentially an n-type semiconductor bar is added to the diffusion of p-type material somewhere along the rod, determine the parameters of the device. 2N2646 is the device most commonly used version
2. BJT,
Meeting of bipolar transistors (BJT) is one type of transistor. This is a three-channel devices made of semiconductor material doped. Bipolar named because its operation to include both electrons and electron holes, as opposed to ekakutub FET transistor that uses only one carrier. Although a small portion of the transistor is a majority carrier flow, almost all transistor current is due to minority carriers, so that the BJT is classified as a minority-carrier devices.
3. JFET,
Connection field effect transistor (TEMS, JFET or JUGFET) is the simplest type of field effect transistors. This can be used as an electronic switch controlled or voltage controlled resistance. Electric charge flowing through the channel of semiconductor between the source and channel spout. By providing the down payment to the channel gate voltage, the channel is clamped, so the electric current prevented or turned off completely.
4. IGFET (MOSFET),
ransistor-effect metal-oxide semiconductor field (MOSFET) is one type of field effect transistors. The basic principle of this device was first proposed by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925. Includes the channel of the MOSFET-type semiconductor material and the type of N-P, and called an NMOSFET or a PMOSFET (also commonly nMOS, pMOS). This is the most common transistor in digital and analog circuits, but the bipolar transistor connections at one time more common.
5. IGBT,Insulated gate bipolar transistor-(IGBT = insulated gate bipolar transistor) is a semiconductor device which is equivalent to a combination of a BJT and a MOSFET. New types of devices that serve as components of the switch for power applications are emerging since the 1980s.G = GateE = EmitterC = colektor
6. HBT,
Heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) is a bipolar junction transistor type (BJT) using different semiconductor materials for the emitter and base regions, creating a heterojunction. HBT improved in the BJT because it can handle a very high frequency signals, up to several hundred GHz. It is commonly used in ultra modern series, most of the radio frequency (RF) systems, and applications requiring high power efficiency, such as RF power amplifiers in cellular phones. The idea of using a heterojunction is as old as the conventional BJT
7. MESFET,
Metal semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET) is one type of field effect transistors. MESFET is almost similar to the JFET in terms of construction and terminology, the difference is not MESFET using a pn junction as a gate, but using a metal-semiconductor Schottky meeting. MESFET is usually made on a compound semiconductor technologies to reduce the high quality surface pemasif such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium phosphide (InP), or silicon carbide (SiC). MESFET faster, but also more expensive than JFET or MOSFET-based silicon. MESFET can be used up to frequencies around 30 GHz, and is usually used of microwave frequency communications and radar. For use in digital circuits, it is very difficult to use for the basis of MESFET digital integrated circuits due to the large integration continues to increase, and the quality is not better than CMOS-based production.
8. VMOSFET,
A schism has VMOSFET gate transistor and transistor increased depletion expense on the opposite side walls of the V-groove. In the process, the oxidation rate differentials due to different crystal orientation of the substrate used to complete the manufacture of devices with a relatively simple manner. Step-by-step process that generated it possible to create a VMOSFET have symmetrical geometry in which the transfer gate can be easily implemented. MESFET,
9. HEMT,
E lektron high mobility transistor (HEMT), also known as a heterojunction FET (HFET) or modulation-doped FET (MODFET), is a field effect transistor incorporating a junction between two materials of different band gaps (ie, heterosexual) as the channel is not a doped region, as is generally the case for the MOSFET. The combination of materials commonly used is GaAs with AlGaAs, although there are wide variations, depending on the application. Devices incorporate more indium generally show better high frequency performance, while in recent years, gallium nitride HEMTs have attracted attention due to their high power performance.
10. SCR
A semiconductor switching device; SCR. A small trigger current at the gate to allow very large currents to flow from the anode to the cathode, which continued after the stop trigger at this time. SCR is only switched off when the anode-cathode current through it falls below the minimum
and the development of the transistor IC (Integrated Circuit) and others.Polarity: NPN or N-channel, PNP or P-channelMaximum capacity: Low Power, Medium Power, High PowerMaximum working frequency: Low, Medium, or High Frequency, RF transistors, Microwave, etc.Applications: Amplifiers, Switches, General Purpose, Audio, High Voltage, etc.CMOS
Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) or metal-oxide-semiconductor complementary, is a major type of integrated circuit. CMOS technology used in microprocessors, micro controllers, static RAM and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used in many analog circuits, such as image sensors, converting data, and integrated trimancar for various types of communications. Frank Wanlass successfully patented CMOS in 1967 (U.S. Patent 3,356,858).CMOS is also often called complementary-symmetry metal-oxide-semiconductor or COSMOS (metal-oxide semiconductor complementary-symmetry). Said complementary-symmetry refers to the fact that the CMOS-based digital design usually uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type semiconductor MOSFET and n-type semiconductors for logic functions.Two important characters of the immunity he sighed CMOS high static and low power usage. Power is only drawn when the transistors in a CMOS switch between the living and dead. Consequently, CMOS devices do not cause heat as much as other logic circuits, such as transistor-transistor logic (TTL) or NMOS logic, which only uses the n-type device without a p-type. CMOS also allows a high-density logic chips are made
.IC
IC in an electronic circuit
Integrated circuits (English: the integrated circuit or IC) is a basic component consisting of resistors, transistors and others. IC is used as a component of brain electronics equipment.On a computer, microprocessor IC is used. In an Intel Pentium 4 microprocessor with ferkuensi 1.8 trillion vibrations per second there are 16 million transistors, not including other components. Used by the microprocessor fabrication is 60nm.Integrated circuit technology made possible by the mid-20th century in semiconductor device fabrication and experimental discoveries which showed that semiconductor devices could perform the functions performed by the vacuum tube. Integration of numerous tiny transistors into a small chip that is a huge increase for the vacuum-tube assembly of the fingers. IC size is small, reliable, speed "switch", low power consumption, mass production, and ease of adding numbers to quickly get rid of the vacuum tube.
Only half a century after its discovery, the IC has been used everywhere. Radio, television, computers, mobile phones, and other digital equipment is an important part of modern society. For example, transportation systems, internet, etc. depending on the existence of this tool. Skolar Many believe that the digital revolution brought about by integrated circuits is one of the important events in human history
transformer
Transformer or transformer or transformer is an electromagnetic component that can change the level of an AC voltage to a level that lain.Ada two types of transformers:
A. transformers ankle
2. transformer CT
The working principle
Transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. Input voltage alternating membentangi primary cause of magnetic flux that ideally all connected with the secondary winding. This alternating flux induces an emf in the secondary winding. If the perfect efficiency, all power to the primary winding will be relegated to the secondary winding.
Primary-Secondary Relationships
Engkel CT
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