REPAIR ELECTRONIC & LEARNING REPAIR

BASIC ELECTRONICS

Basic Electronic Component
selectronic components are classified into two component parts, namely passive and active components. Passive components are electronic components that can operate without the need for current and voltage, while the active component is an electronic component that requires the current or voltage to operate. Of the two types of components, based on the function of electronic components can be divided into tranducer, sensors, and actuators.
 Passive components: 
 1. Resistors (resistivity)   
     o fixed resistor having resistance value (resistance) remains.   
     o Variable Resistors have resistance values ​​vary. 
2. Capacitors (condensator)    
    o The capacitor has a capacitance value remains a constant.     
    o Variable Capacitors (Varco) which has a capacitance value varies. 
3. Inductor (coil) 
4. Transformer (transformer) 
5. Relay 
6. Switch (switch)


Active components: 
A. Diodes  
     o Diode Bridge   
     o Photo Diodes  
     o Zener Diodes    
     o Light-emitting diode transmitter (LED)   
     o Diodes Scottky2. Transistor   
     o Field Effect Transistor   
     o Bipolar Transistors     
     o Transistor IGBT  
     o Transistor Darlington   
     o Photo Transistor3. IC (Integrated Circuit)  
     o Analog IC    
     o Digital IC 
Sensor:
 1. LDR (Light Dependent Resistance) 
 2. Solarcell 
 3. NTC (Negative Temperature Coeffisient) 
 4. PTC (Positive Temperature Corfficient) 
 5. Ultasonic. 
 6. Bimetallic 
Tranducer: 
 1. LDR (Light Dependent Resistance): The resistance change due to the influence of light intensity changes
 2. Solarcell: The voltage is generated due to the light.
 3. NTC (Negative Temperature Coeffisient): The resistance decreases if the temperature rises.
 4. PTC (Positive Temperature Corfficient): Resistance is enlarged if the temperature decreases. 
 5. Microfon (Mic): The voltage change due to mainstreaming the sound changes. 
Actuator: 
 1. Speaker 
 2. LED 
 3. Light

Resistor

Resistors are generally divided into two types, namely fixed resistor (fixed resistor) and a variable resistor (variable resistor), but if it is simply called resistor resistor resistor in question is fixed (fixed resistor) or commonly referred to as obstacles or resistance.Resistors are electronic components that serve to hold litrik flow, and because the electrical currents associated with voltage, so that if an electrical voltage is passed through a resistor there will be a decrease in the voltage.The relationship between electric current, voltage and resistor according to Ohm's law is:                                                           
      I = V / R
Where I in amperes, V in volts and R in Ohm.
Home resistors are usually made of ceramic / cement where the material that serves as the resistance is usually of carbon, metal or wire windings, large-small resistance value is determined by the thickness and length of the trajectory of carbon, metal or wire wrapped around it.




There are a variety of resistors, but are generally available on the market:
1. Carbon resistors (carbon film resistor) is a resistor the resistance of carbon materials, has a resistance value between 1 ohm - 10 Mega ohms with a tolerance of ± 5-20%, the maximum voltage of 500 volts, available in the 0.25 - 1 watt.

2. Resistor metaloxide (metaloxide film resistor) is a resistor is the resistance of the metal oxide material, has a resistance value between 1ohm - 1 Mega Ohms with a tolerance of ± 5-10%, the maximum voltage of 750 volts, available in the 1-6 watt.

3. Metal film resistors (metal film resistor) is a resistor of resistance of the metal material, having a resistance value between 1ohm - 10 Mega ohms with a tolerance of ± 1-5%, the maximum voltage of 300 volts, available in the 0.5 - 1 watt.

4. Zero ohm resistor (zero-ohmic resistor) is the resistance of the resistor is a metal material, having a resistance value between 0 (zero) up to 10x10-3 ohm ohm, maximum voltage 300 volts, with a maximum current of 3 Ampre.

5. Low ohm resistor (low-ohmic resistor) is the resistance of the resistor is a metal material, having a resistance value between 0.1 ohms - 2.2 ohms with a tolerance of ± 5-20%, the maximum voltage of 300 volts, available in the 1-2 watt.
6. Ohm resistor (high-ohmic resistor) is a resistor having a resistance value between 1mega ohm - 10 giga    ohms with a tolerance of ± 2-20%, the maximum voltage of 3 volts kilo, available in the 1-6 watt.

7. Wire-wound resistors (wire-wound resistors) is the material resistance of the resistor wire windings, has a resistance value between 1 ohm - 56 kilo ohms with a tolerance of ± 5-10%, the maximum voltage of 500 volts, available in the 1-15 watt.

8. Wire-wound resistors ceramic container (ceramic wire-wound resistors) is the material resistance of the resistor wire windings are encased in a container of ceramic material to form a vertical or horizontal, has a resistance value between 0.1 ohms - 56 kilo ohms with a tolerance of ± 5-10% , the maximum voltage of 1000 volts, are available in the 5-20 watt.

9. Power resistors (wire-wound power resistor) is the material resistance of the resistor wire windings are typically used in power industry, has a resistance value between 1 ohm - 39 kilo ohms with a tolerance of ± 5-10%, the maximum voltage of 2000 volts, are available in the 20 - 100 watts.

10. Resistor SMD (surface mount device resistors) is a way to install the resistor attached to the surface of the PCB, has a resistance value between 0 ohm - 1 Mega Ohms with a tolerance of ± 1-20%, the maximum voltage of 100 volts.

11. Resistor Networks SMD (surface mount resistor network devices) is that how to install resistor attached to the surface of the PCB in one package but there is more than one resistor, having a resistance value between 0 ohm - 1 Mega Ohms with a tolerance of ± 1-20%, the maximum voltage of 100 volts.

12. Resistor Network (resistor network) is a resistor that is in one package contained more than one 
resistor, having a resistance value between 0 ohm - 1 Mega Ohms with a tolerance of ± 1-20%, maximum voltage 100 volts.

Read the four-band resistor
As an example of reading the value of a resistor that has a ribbon color:

yellow-purple-yellow-gold
is worth 470000ohm = 470kohm

 Read the value of the five band resistor
Marking the value of using the five band resistor is used in high-precision resistor

Contoh;

Coklat  – Hitam – Biru – oranye – Coklat

is worth 105000ohm = 105kohm

The variable resistorVariable resistor (variable resistor or varistor) is a resistor that can change the valueprisoner or be changed. There are a variety of variable resistor between the other
1. Potentiometer (Potentiometer)
 Is a three-terminal resistor value can be changed custody by sliding (for potensio type sliding) or rotating (for potensio rotary type) lever, use the lever meant that the circuit is often done using a potentiometer setting, and is intended for users, on the television set example the arrangement is often done the audio controls, brightness, contrast, and color.Potentiometer types there are two kinds of linear (lin) and logarithmic (log). For this type of linear scale shift lever (for the sliding model) or the size of the playback lever angle (for a model of play) proportional or directly proportional to the change tahananya. logarithmic potentiometer is commonly used on audio volume control.

2. Trimpot (Trimmer Potentiometer)
 Potentiometer is a way of changing the value of the prisoner by using a screwdriver mentrim trim. On television, the trimpot is usually used to regulate the amount of current to the oscillator circuit, driver circuit, or by setting the white balance (white balance). sections using a trimpot means the setting is not commonly done and usually only for maintenance.

3. PTC (Positive Temperature Coefisien)
 PTC thermistor including the type, the resistor value detainees affected by temperature. PTC resistance value is very low when cold, but when temperatures rise, the value of the PTC resistance also increased. On television the PTC is usually used to provide supply voltage to the coil degausing (degausing coil)

4. NTC (Negative Temperature Coefisien)
 NTC thermistor types are also included, namely the value of resistor inmates affected by temperature, but the opposite of PTC NTC, where the NTC resistance value when cold is very high, but at the NTC temperature rises, then the prisoner will become smaller and even zero. NTC on television is usually mounted on the electrical input terminal, is intended to reduce the shock to the circuit power supply voltage, so that the effects of the addition of NTC is a condition referred to as "soft start".

5. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
 LDR is a light sensitive resistor or commonly referred to fotoresistor, wherein the resistance value will decrease if there are additional light intensity about it.Made of semiconductor beresistansi Fotoresistor high. If the light of him having a high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor will cause the electrons have enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) will provide powerDiodes





Diodes
 
Diodes are electronic components that have two electrodes, namely anode and cathode. Anode to the cathode to the positive polarity and negative polarity. Inside there is a junction diode (meeting) in which p-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor meet.Semiconductor diode direct current only can miss it, when the diode is given advanced supply (forward bias) from the anode (P side) to the cathode (N side). In these conditions the diode is said to be in a state leads (resistance, the very small). Meanwhile, when the diode is given the power supply upside down (reverse bias) then the diode under these conditions does not deliver (in a high resistance, so current it is difficult to flow). For a silicon diode current begins to pass after the voltage is ≥ 0.7 volts DC, while for Germanium diodes begin to pass after ≥ voltage reaches 0.3 Volts DC .. The application of a common semiconductor diode is a rectifier, in addition to other functions such as voltage divider, detectors and clipper.

 Types of DiodesOrdinary diode operates as described above. Usually made of silicon or of germanium. Ordinary diode is sometimes packaged in a container that contains two or four diodes, called a diode bridge (Bridge diode) or commonly known as the diode kuprok.

Light transmitter diode (LED) When dibias forward diode, electron conduction band through the junction and fell into the hole. At the time of the electrons fall from the conduction band to the valence band, they emit energy. On LED diodes as light energy is emitted, while the diode rectifier is out of energy as heat. By using basic materials such as the manufacture of gallium, arsenic and phosfor factory can make light-emitting LED with red, yellow, and infrared (invisible).
Photo diode thermal energy generating minority carriers in the diode, the higher the temperature the greater the flow of reverse biased diodes. Light energy also produces minority carriers. By using a small window to open the junction to be exposed to light, the plant can make a photo diode. Therefore, a photo diode detector very good light.

Varactor diodes Like most components with the connecting wire, the diode capacitance has also leaked that affect the work at high frequencies, external capacitance is usually smaller than 1 pF. Silicon diode that utilizes the effects of varying capacitance is called a varactor diode. Application of varaktor diode is usually tuned in tuner that uses the voltage.

 Schottky diode schottky diode using metallic gold, silver or platinum on one side and the silicon junction to syslog (usually type-n) on the other side. Such diodes are unipolar devices because free electrons are majority carriers on either side of the junction. And Schottky diode has no discharge or charge storage layer, so that it can result in the switch turns on and off more quickly than the bipolar diode. As a result, these devices can rectify frequencies above 300 MHz and well above the capabilities of bipolar diodes.

 Step-recovery diode with doping level near the junction to reduce the plant can make the step-recovery diode that utilizes charge storage devices. During forward conduction diode diodes act like normal and when the diode is reverse conduction dibias while emptying layer is set and then all of a sudden reverse flow becomes zero. In this situation as if the diode suddenly snapped open (snaps open) such as switches,

 Zener diode zener diodes are designed to work on the breakdown and result in breakdown voltage of approximately 2 to 200 Volt. By providing reverse voltage exceeds the zener breakdown voltage, the device behaves like a constant voltage source, in other words zener diode will limit the voltage to a voltage no greater than breakdownnya. Zener diodes are widely used both after the rectifier diodes, zener diode voltage regulator is the main component.


Damage that is often found in Diodes
• The leakage current at reverse bias in the given
• short circuit / give a breakdown voltage in reverse bias current
• Circuit disconnected

Kondensator
  Condenser or capacitor, is an electronic component that can store an electric charge by collecting the internal imbalance of electric charge, the ability of storing electrical charge in the capacitor is called capacitance is measured in units of farads (F)
where:
1 F = 1,000,000 μF (micro Farad)
1 μF = 1,000 nF (nano Farad)
1 nF = 1000 pF (pico Farad)

The nature of the capacitor is able to receive electricity and store it in a relatively.
The type - the type of capacitor based insulation are as follows:
A. Electrolytes condenser / ELCO (condenser which has a polarity, legs and feet + -)
2. Ceramic capacitor
3. Mylar condenser
4. Mika condenser
5. condenser paper
The use of capacitors in series:
• As a rectifier
• For storage of electrical current
The condenser in the circuit symbol is "C" and a symbol of the picture are:
Value and the unit is Farad capacitor and is usually abbreviated to F.
Unit value is considered too basic, so the unit Farad is reduced again into units as follows:

microFarads (µF)		nanoFarads (nF)		picoFarads (pF)
0.000001µF	=	0.001nF	=	1pF
0.00001µF	=	0.01nF	=	10pF
0.0001µF	=	0.1nF	=	100pF
0.001µF	=	1nF	=	1000pF
0.01µF	=	10nF	=	10,000pF
0.1µF	=	100nF	=	100,000pF
1µF	=	1000nF	=	1,000,000pF
10µF	=	10,000nF	=	10,000,000pF
100µF	=	100,000nF	=	100,000,000pF