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The formula: CS = CR + RS
Description: To keep in mind that the resistance is greater than CR CS resistance (CR> CS) and the biggest obstacle is RS.
These will be given examples of how to find the terminal on the compressor. Before making measurements, remove the existing components on it as overload, relay magnets, or wires that attach to the pole / compressor terminal.
To start let's just penaman third pole of the compressor is X, Y, and Z.
Description: To keep in mind that the resistance is greater than CR CS resistance (CR> CS) and the biggest obstacle is RS.
These will be given examples of how to find the terminal on the compressor. Before making measurements, remove the existing components on it as overload, relay magnets, or wires that attach to the pole / compressor terminal.
To start let's just penaman third pole of the compressor is X, Y, and Z.
As an example we can measure the results as follows ::
Barriers Y-X. Read 30 ohm
Barriers X-Z. Read 40 ohm
Barriers Y-Z. Read 10 ohm
From the example above iperoleh measurements that the greatest obstacle to the terminal which is 40 XZ. According to the above formula (CR + CS = RS), the terminal is a terminal XZ RS (due to the high resistance value). Can be concluded that the other pole of the Y is a common channel (C). Now the poles of C is known to exist in Y, then explore other poles to replace the variable Y to be C.
obtained:
CZ is smaller than CX, then the pole Z is S (start)
Greater than CZ CX, then X is a polar R (run)
So the polar X, Y, and Z above is X = S (start), Y = C (common), and Z = R (run)
Choosing a Cooling Machine Lubricant Oil
Barriers Y-X. Read 30 ohm
Barriers X-Z. Read 40 ohm
Barriers Y-Z. Read 10 ohm
From the example above iperoleh measurements that the greatest obstacle to the terminal which is 40 XZ. According to the above formula (CR + CS = RS), the terminal is a terminal XZ RS (due to the high resistance value). Can be concluded that the other pole of the Y is a common channel (C). Now the poles of C is known to exist in Y, then explore other poles to replace the variable Y to be C.
obtained:
CZ is smaller than CX, then the pole Z is S (start)
Greater than CZ CX, then X is a polar R (run)
So the polar X, Y, and Z above is X = S (start), Y = C (common), and Z = R (run)
Choosing a Cooling Machine Lubricant Oil
Lubricating oils (oil) On Air conditioning machines, Refrigerators, Refrigerator, Frezer is the part that should be noted, not infrequently the air conditioner and refrigerator service technicians less attention to this. An example there is damage to the engine coolant due to leakage of refrigerant (freon), a technician refrigeration refrigerant leak repair and refrigerant charge directly without the addition of lubricant (oil) on the engine cooling, it was a fatal error due to leakage of refrigerant to the cooling machine is automatically lubricant in the system will be reduced. This will have no effect in the short term, but we need to know the lack of lubrication, air conditioning, refrigerator and other refrigeration cooling result in shortened engine life, particularly on the compressor. We know the compressor has a price of nearly half the price of the engine coolant.
In the engine lubricating oil cooler has a function:
1. Lubricating oil in the engine cooling serves to reduce heat in parts of the compressor.
2. Serves to lubricate the inside of the compressor of a refrigeration compressor is not so rapid attrition caused.
3. Form the insulating layer so as to avoid leaks and resist the beat of compression in the compressor.
4. As a matter of detergent (cleaning agent).
In the engine lubricating oil cooler has a function:
1. Lubricating oil in the engine cooling serves to reduce heat in parts of the compressor.
2. Serves to lubricate the inside of the compressor of a refrigeration compressor is not so rapid attrition caused.
3. Form the insulating layer so as to avoid leaks and resist the beat of compression in the compressor.
4. As a matter of detergent (cleaning agent).
CHECK ARTICLES unloading COMPRESSOR
Fraction of the oil mixed with the refrigerant compressor (Freon), then go through the whole system circulates coolant through the condenser and evaporator, and therefore must meet the properties of lubricating oil as a lubricant other than good, also do not cause interference (blockage) or damage to the refrigerant and path parts (compressor, evaporator-condensing). In addition, refrigeration engine lubricating oil must be resistant to high temperatures, because the refrigerant gas at the end of the compression stroke in high-temperature compressor cylinder.
Refrigeration engine lubricating oil must meet several requirements, which is in accordance with engine coolant temperature, type of refrigerant (cooling material) and the type of compressor used.Refrigeration engine lubricating oil requirements:• Characteristically a good electrical insulator, because if the material is a conductor lubricants will damage the electric motor on the compressor. primarily for the use of the cooling machine that uses an internal compressor (compressor hermatik).• High purity (contains no impurities, water, acids and other ingredients that are not required)• Having a Viscosity (thickness) that precisely matches the engine coolant so that it will be able to provide good lubrication at low and high temperature.• Can be easily separated from the refrigerant (cooling material) in the absence of chemical reactions.• a low freezing point, so if the coolant through the engine lubricating oil Evaporator having a very low temperature lubricant materials would not be becoming frozen and will continue to flow.• Have a grade paraffin / wax is low so it will not easily freeze at low temperatures.• Flash point is high (good thermal stability).• Not easy to form an emulsion.• There is a oxidator• The strength of high oil layer.
Lubricating oil to the engine oil cooler is made of mineral material from which this group napthene clean the oil refining process to take the content of wax, water, sulfur and other droppings. In general, given the refrigeration lubricant additives (Additive) to avoid the deposition of foam.
Lubricating oil viscosity, usually measured in Saybolt Universal Second (SUS), which is time in seconds it takes to drain grease a 60 cm 3 by its own weight of the tube via capillary tube with a diameter of 0.1765 cm and length in mm at the temperature of the air 12:25 100 º F or 37.8 º C. In determining the viscosity of the lubricating oil to be used is very important because this will affect the circulation of lubricating oil in the compressor.
Lubricating oil is too thick will be difficult to penetrate megakibatkan / entrance on the parts that require lubrication so that lubricant will not be evenly and quickly the compressor can be damaged, conversely, if too thin the lube oil will not be able to form the insulating layer so that it will be easy compression leak (chiefly for rotary compressors) and will be able to accelerate the wear and tear on the parts that rub against the compressor.Selection of lubricating oil viscosity on engine cooling is influenced by several factors:• The temperature of the evaporation of refrigerant in the evaporator material. Lubricating oil will grow thicker when the temperature falls, for example, at 30 º C temparatur lubricating oil has a viscosity of 175 SUS but at a temperature of 5 º C to 1800 SUS viscosity.• The temperature of the compressor at work. Viscosity of the lubricating oil will fall as the lubricating oil temperature rise.• The type of material used in the engine cooling air. Adjust the properties of each substance refrigerant in the cooler with the type of lubricant.The type and function of refrigerant in cooling machines
Refrigerant is the working fluid circulating in the refrigeration cycle. Refrigerant is the most important components of a refrigeration cycle as refrigerant cooling effect and warming the refrigeration machine. ASHRAE (2005) defines the refrigerant as working fluid in refrigeration machines, air conditioning and heat pump systems. Refrigerant absorbs heat from one location and throw it to another location, usually through the mechanism of evaporation and condensation.
Calm (2002) divides the development of the refrigerant in the three periods: first period, the 1830s until the 1930s, with the criteria refrigerant "whatever works in the refrigeration machine". Refrigerant used in this period are ether, CO2, NH3, SO2, hydrocarbons, H2O, CCl4, CHCs. Second period, the 1930s to the 1990s using refrigerants criteria: safe and durable (durable). Refrigerant at this period are CFCs (Chloro Fluoro Carbons), HCFCs (Hydro Chloro Fluoro Carbons), HFCs (Hydro Fluoro Carbons), NH3, H2O. The third period, after the 1990s, with the criteria refrigerant "environmentally friendly". Refrigerant at this period is HCFCs, NH3, HFCs, H2O, CO2.
Recent developments in the field of refrigerant is driven by two main environmental problems, the ozone hole and global warming. Ozone-destroying properties owned by the primary refrigerant used in the second period, ie, CFCs (Chloro Fluoro Carbons), proposed by Molina and Rowland (1974) which is further supported by field measurement data by Farman et al. (1985).
Once the existence of holes in the ozone layer of the atmosphere scientifically verified, an international treaty to regulate and prohibit the use of ozone-depleting substances was agreed in 1987 which is known as the Montreal Protocol. CFCs and HCFCs are the two major refrigerants that are scheduled to be eliminated respectively in 1996 and 2030 for developed countries (United Nations Environment Programme, 2000). Whereas for developing countries, the two main refrigerant respectively scheduled to be deleted (phased-out) by 2010 (CFCs) and 2040 (HCFCs) (Powell, 2002). In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol set limits and reduction of gas-causing greenhouse gases, including HFCs (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2005).Powell (2002) describes several conditions that must be owned by the refrigerant substitutes, namely:A. Have thermodynamic properties close to the replacement refrigerant want, especially at maximum operating pressure of the expected new refrigerant is not too much different than the old refrigerant pressure air-chlorine.2. Not combustible.3. Non-toxic.4. Can be mixed (miscible) with lubricants commonly used in refrigeration machines.5. Each CFC refrigerants should be replaced by a kind of environmentally friendly refrigerants.
After a period of CFCs, R22 (HCFC) is the most widely used refrigerants in refrigeration and air conditioning machinery. Currently some manufacturers of refrigeration machines are still using R22 refrigerant in their products. Although this refrigerant, including refrigerant also other types of HCFCs, is scheduled to be eliminated in 2030 (for developed countries), but some European countries have launched a more progressive schedule, for example, Sweden has banned the use of R22 and other HCFCs in new refrigeration machines since 1998 , while Denmark and Germany to allow the use of HCFCs in new machines only until December 31, 1999 (Kruse, 2000).
Montreal Protocol forcing researchers and industrial refrigeration create a new synthetic refrigerants, HFCs (Hydro Fluoro Carbons) to replace the old refrigerant is chlorine her alleged cause of the destruction of the ozone layer. Weatherhead and Andersen (2006) argued that since the last 8 years, ozone layer depletion column does not happen again. Both researchers are convinced of impending recovery of the ozone layer. However, they did not clearly refer to drop the use of ozone-depleting substances as a cause of recovery of the ozone layer. Powell (2002) states that the excellent cooperation between the producers of refrigerants and refrigerant companies already allow users a seamless transition from the era of the use of CFCs on a large scale in 1986 and the removal and replacement with R134a in 1996. Many people say that the Montreal Protocol is one of the international treaties in the field of environment most successfully applied.
Currently, HCFCs (which is basically a transitional replacement for CFCs) has had two replacement candidates, namely R410A (a mixture with properties approaching zeotrop) and R407c (azeotrop mix) (Kruse, 2000). Hydrocarbons Propane (R290) is also potentially be a substitute for R22 (Kruse, 2000). R407c is a mixture of R32/125/132a with 23/25/52 composition, whereas R410A is R32/125 mixture with the composition 50/50 (ASHRAE, 2005). At present, several leading companies in the field of refrigeration and air pengkonsian been using R410A in their products.
If Montreal and the Kyoto Protocol fully and consistently implemented, then in general there is currently no commercial refrigerant choice other than a natural refrigerant. Although it should be noted that recently there are manufacturers who claim success refrigerants that do not create ozone-destroying refrigerants and do not cause global warming (ASHRAE, 2006). Some of the natural refrigerant used in refrigeration machines are: ammonia (NH3), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), water, and air (Riffat et al., 1997). The word "natural" stresses the existence of such substances derived from biological sources atapun geologically, although this time some of the natural refrigerant products was obtained from natural resources are not renewable, such as hydrocarbons obtained from oil-cracking, as well as ammonia and CO2 obtained of natural gas (Powell, 2002).
The use of carbon dioxide, water, and air in a commercial refrigerator still require extensive research, while the use of ammonia and hydrocarbons, although it was pretty much done, still has a fair amount of research opportunities (Riffat et al., 1997). Ammonia is toxic (toxic) and flammable enough, while the hydrocarbons are included in a highly flammable substance, therefore the refrigerant is generally difficult to use in direct expansion systems. Indirect refrigeration system can be used to overcome the disadvantages of both refrigerants. Some researchers tried to suppress the level of hydrocarbon refrigerants keterbakaran by mixing with other refrigerant is not flammable (Pasek et al., 2006; Sekhar et al., 2004; Dlugogorsky et al., 2002). Granryd (2001) emphasizes that it is essentially already available technology to improve security on refrigeration systems that use hydrocarbon refrigerants, yet economical way to create a safe and proven system can be used on a large scale still needs further development.
Refrigerants used in vapor compression systems are grouped into primary refrigerant. Meanwhile, if the fluid is used to transfer heat, the fluid is referred to as the secondary refrigerant. The use of refrigerants is currently an important issue concerning global warming. In this chapter, we will explain the type of refrigerant, nature, and its use at this time.PRIMARY refrigerant
Primary refrigerant is refrigerant that is used in vapor compression systems. Refrigerants used in vapor compression refrigeration system must have the properties have chemistry, physics, thermodynamics given in accordance with the conditions of usePrimary type of refrigerant type1. Group Halokarbon
Halokarbon golongn refrigerant is a type commonly used refrigerant. This type of refrigerant include refrigerant that consists of one or more of three types of ion type halogen (chlorine, fluorine, and bromine). Several types of commonly used refrigerants halokarbon presented in the Table below.
Fraction of the oil mixed with the refrigerant compressor (Freon), then go through the whole system circulates coolant through the condenser and evaporator, and therefore must meet the properties of lubricating oil as a lubricant other than good, also do not cause interference (blockage) or damage to the refrigerant and path parts (compressor, evaporator-condensing). In addition, refrigeration engine lubricating oil must be resistant to high temperatures, because the refrigerant gas at the end of the compression stroke in high-temperature compressor cylinder.
Refrigeration engine lubricating oil must meet several requirements, which is in accordance with engine coolant temperature, type of refrigerant (cooling material) and the type of compressor used.Refrigeration engine lubricating oil requirements:• Characteristically a good electrical insulator, because if the material is a conductor lubricants will damage the electric motor on the compressor. primarily for the use of the cooling machine that uses an internal compressor (compressor hermatik).• High purity (contains no impurities, water, acids and other ingredients that are not required)• Having a Viscosity (thickness) that precisely matches the engine coolant so that it will be able to provide good lubrication at low and high temperature.• Can be easily separated from the refrigerant (cooling material) in the absence of chemical reactions.• a low freezing point, so if the coolant through the engine lubricating oil Evaporator having a very low temperature lubricant materials would not be becoming frozen and will continue to flow.• Have a grade paraffin / wax is low so it will not easily freeze at low temperatures.• Flash point is high (good thermal stability).• Not easy to form an emulsion.• There is a oxidator• The strength of high oil layer.
Lubricating oil to the engine oil cooler is made of mineral material from which this group napthene clean the oil refining process to take the content of wax, water, sulfur and other droppings. In general, given the refrigeration lubricant additives (Additive) to avoid the deposition of foam.
Lubricating oil viscosity, usually measured in Saybolt Universal Second (SUS), which is time in seconds it takes to drain grease a 60 cm 3 by its own weight of the tube via capillary tube with a diameter of 0.1765 cm and length in mm at the temperature of the air 12:25 100 º F or 37.8 º C. In determining the viscosity of the lubricating oil to be used is very important because this will affect the circulation of lubricating oil in the compressor.
Lubricating oil is too thick will be difficult to penetrate megakibatkan / entrance on the parts that require lubrication so that lubricant will not be evenly and quickly the compressor can be damaged, conversely, if too thin the lube oil will not be able to form the insulating layer so that it will be easy compression leak (chiefly for rotary compressors) and will be able to accelerate the wear and tear on the parts that rub against the compressor.Selection of lubricating oil viscosity on engine cooling is influenced by several factors:• The temperature of the evaporation of refrigerant in the evaporator material. Lubricating oil will grow thicker when the temperature falls, for example, at 30 º C temparatur lubricating oil has a viscosity of 175 SUS but at a temperature of 5 º C to 1800 SUS viscosity.• The temperature of the compressor at work. Viscosity of the lubricating oil will fall as the lubricating oil temperature rise.• The type of material used in the engine cooling air. Adjust the properties of each substance refrigerant in the cooler with the type of lubricant.The type and function of refrigerant in cooling machines
Refrigerant is the working fluid circulating in the refrigeration cycle. Refrigerant is the most important components of a refrigeration cycle as refrigerant cooling effect and warming the refrigeration machine. ASHRAE (2005) defines the refrigerant as working fluid in refrigeration machines, air conditioning and heat pump systems. Refrigerant absorbs heat from one location and throw it to another location, usually through the mechanism of evaporation and condensation.
Calm (2002) divides the development of the refrigerant in the three periods: first period, the 1830s until the 1930s, with the criteria refrigerant "whatever works in the refrigeration machine". Refrigerant used in this period are ether, CO2, NH3, SO2, hydrocarbons, H2O, CCl4, CHCs. Second period, the 1930s to the 1990s using refrigerants criteria: safe and durable (durable). Refrigerant at this period are CFCs (Chloro Fluoro Carbons), HCFCs (Hydro Chloro Fluoro Carbons), HFCs (Hydro Fluoro Carbons), NH3, H2O. The third period, after the 1990s, with the criteria refrigerant "environmentally friendly". Refrigerant at this period is HCFCs, NH3, HFCs, H2O, CO2.
Recent developments in the field of refrigerant is driven by two main environmental problems, the ozone hole and global warming. Ozone-destroying properties owned by the primary refrigerant used in the second period, ie, CFCs (Chloro Fluoro Carbons), proposed by Molina and Rowland (1974) which is further supported by field measurement data by Farman et al. (1985).
Once the existence of holes in the ozone layer of the atmosphere scientifically verified, an international treaty to regulate and prohibit the use of ozone-depleting substances was agreed in 1987 which is known as the Montreal Protocol. CFCs and HCFCs are the two major refrigerants that are scheduled to be eliminated respectively in 1996 and 2030 for developed countries (United Nations Environment Programme, 2000). Whereas for developing countries, the two main refrigerant respectively scheduled to be deleted (phased-out) by 2010 (CFCs) and 2040 (HCFCs) (Powell, 2002). In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol set limits and reduction of gas-causing greenhouse gases, including HFCs (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2005).Powell (2002) describes several conditions that must be owned by the refrigerant substitutes, namely:A. Have thermodynamic properties close to the replacement refrigerant want, especially at maximum operating pressure of the expected new refrigerant is not too much different than the old refrigerant pressure air-chlorine.2. Not combustible.3. Non-toxic.4. Can be mixed (miscible) with lubricants commonly used in refrigeration machines.5. Each CFC refrigerants should be replaced by a kind of environmentally friendly refrigerants.
After a period of CFCs, R22 (HCFC) is the most widely used refrigerants in refrigeration and air conditioning machinery. Currently some manufacturers of refrigeration machines are still using R22 refrigerant in their products. Although this refrigerant, including refrigerant also other types of HCFCs, is scheduled to be eliminated in 2030 (for developed countries), but some European countries have launched a more progressive schedule, for example, Sweden has banned the use of R22 and other HCFCs in new refrigeration machines since 1998 , while Denmark and Germany to allow the use of HCFCs in new machines only until December 31, 1999 (Kruse, 2000).
Montreal Protocol forcing researchers and industrial refrigeration create a new synthetic refrigerants, HFCs (Hydro Fluoro Carbons) to replace the old refrigerant is chlorine her alleged cause of the destruction of the ozone layer. Weatherhead and Andersen (2006) argued that since the last 8 years, ozone layer depletion column does not happen again. Both researchers are convinced of impending recovery of the ozone layer. However, they did not clearly refer to drop the use of ozone-depleting substances as a cause of recovery of the ozone layer. Powell (2002) states that the excellent cooperation between the producers of refrigerants and refrigerant companies already allow users a seamless transition from the era of the use of CFCs on a large scale in 1986 and the removal and replacement with R134a in 1996. Many people say that the Montreal Protocol is one of the international treaties in the field of environment most successfully applied.
Currently, HCFCs (which is basically a transitional replacement for CFCs) has had two replacement candidates, namely R410A (a mixture with properties approaching zeotrop) and R407c (azeotrop mix) (Kruse, 2000). Hydrocarbons Propane (R290) is also potentially be a substitute for R22 (Kruse, 2000). R407c is a mixture of R32/125/132a with 23/25/52 composition, whereas R410A is R32/125 mixture with the composition 50/50 (ASHRAE, 2005). At present, several leading companies in the field of refrigeration and air pengkonsian been using R410A in their products.
If Montreal and the Kyoto Protocol fully and consistently implemented, then in general there is currently no commercial refrigerant choice other than a natural refrigerant. Although it should be noted that recently there are manufacturers who claim success refrigerants that do not create ozone-destroying refrigerants and do not cause global warming (ASHRAE, 2006). Some of the natural refrigerant used in refrigeration machines are: ammonia (NH3), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), water, and air (Riffat et al., 1997). The word "natural" stresses the existence of such substances derived from biological sources atapun geologically, although this time some of the natural refrigerant products was obtained from natural resources are not renewable, such as hydrocarbons obtained from oil-cracking, as well as ammonia and CO2 obtained of natural gas (Powell, 2002).
The use of carbon dioxide, water, and air in a commercial refrigerator still require extensive research, while the use of ammonia and hydrocarbons, although it was pretty much done, still has a fair amount of research opportunities (Riffat et al., 1997). Ammonia is toxic (toxic) and flammable enough, while the hydrocarbons are included in a highly flammable substance, therefore the refrigerant is generally difficult to use in direct expansion systems. Indirect refrigeration system can be used to overcome the disadvantages of both refrigerants. Some researchers tried to suppress the level of hydrocarbon refrigerants keterbakaran by mixing with other refrigerant is not flammable (Pasek et al., 2006; Sekhar et al., 2004; Dlugogorsky et al., 2002). Granryd (2001) emphasizes that it is essentially already available technology to improve security on refrigeration systems that use hydrocarbon refrigerants, yet economical way to create a safe and proven system can be used on a large scale still needs further development.
Refrigerants used in vapor compression systems are grouped into primary refrigerant. Meanwhile, if the fluid is used to transfer heat, the fluid is referred to as the secondary refrigerant. The use of refrigerants is currently an important issue concerning global warming. In this chapter, we will explain the type of refrigerant, nature, and its use at this time.PRIMARY refrigerant
Primary refrigerant is refrigerant that is used in vapor compression systems. Refrigerants used in vapor compression refrigeration system must have the properties have chemistry, physics, thermodynamics given in accordance with the conditions of usePrimary type of refrigerant type1. Group Halokarbon
Halokarbon golongn refrigerant is a type commonly used refrigerant. This type of refrigerant include refrigerant that consists of one or more of three types of ion type halogen (chlorine, fluorine, and bromine). Several types of commonly used refrigerants halokarbon presented in the Table below.
This type of halocarbon refrigerants
Halokarbon group numbering system is as follows: the first number from the right shows the number of fluorine atoms in the compound, the second number from the right shows a lot more value than the amount or, hidogren on the compound and the three digits from the right indicates a value less than the number of carbon atoms .2. Inorganic Compounds
Initially, when cooling is only used for special purposes, only ammonia and carbon dioxide that can be used as refrogeran. When cooling began to be introduced to the public, sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride and methylene chloride digunkan because according to the centrifugal compressor. Metilrn chloride and carbon dioxide, because the safety factor is used for air conditioning systems (AC). All of these refrigerants, except ammonia, is not used anymore, except on the old system. Ammonia has good thermal properties, and is still used on a skating rink.3. Hydrocarbon compounds
Many hydrocarbon compounds used as refrigerants, commonly used in the petroleum industry, such as methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, and isobutilen. All are flammable and explosive. Classified as slightly toxic because it contains the anesthetic effect on a certain level. Ethane, methane, and ethylene are used in extra-low temperature refrigeration.
Hydrocarbon as a refrigerant in a refrigeration system has been known since the 1920s, before the synthetic refrigerant known. Scientists are listed as a promoter of hydrocarbons as a refrigerant such as Linde (1916) and World Scientist Albert Einstein (1920). Hydrocarbon re-considered as an alternative to CFC, after the environmental aspect to the fore, and the emergence of problems in the transition from CFC to HFC, because of the need for hardware adjustments, lubricants, and special treatment in the operational use of HFC: R-134a is.
Thus the difficulty of treatment as a substitute for R-134a and R-12 still has the impact of Global Warming Potential (GWP), an NGO Greenpeace even in Germany the previous intensively encourage the transition R-12 to R-134a, and then switch promotes the use of hydrocarbons as refrigerants, such as GTZ-Technology that has been popular in mainland Europe. The use of hydrocarbon refrigerants continues to spread to many countries in the Asia-Pacific, and. These adults have been known various brands refrigerant produced by various countries, such as those originating from countries: Britain, France, Germany, Holland, Canada, Australia, America, Korea, and others, including Indonesia.
Indonesia as a country which has reserves of natural gas and petroleum, as well as fuel utilization, it also has potential as a country that may be involved in the case of hydrocarbon refrigerant and environmentally friendly products such as hydrocarbon-based: Aerosol propellant, foaming agent, solvent, and other.
Hydrocarbon refrigerant products Musi COOL is a hydrocarbon refrigerant that has been produced in the country with a grade• MC-12 and MC-134 as a replacement for refrigerant R-12 and R-134a. MC-12 and MC-134 is a mixture of propane and butane to i-butane content as low as possible so as not to interfere with the process of condensation on the cooling system. Refrigerant is used in motor vehicles, refrigerators and dispensers• MC-22 as a replacement for refrigerant R-22 MC-22 is used for air conditioning / Split type air conditioner, window or central. Refrigerant this requires a very high content of propane is 99.7% wt with impuritis butane and olefins as low as possible or close to zero so that the performance of the cooling system is running optimally.• MC-600 as the refrigerant 600A MC-600 has a content of i-butane are very high / dominant or greater than 85 wt% with a minimum propane content. Refrigerant 600A is currently used as a cooling medium in refrigerators, which operate at low pressure. Refrigerant into the future is very bright prospects because of the tendency of high usage.4. Azeotrop
Azeotrop compound is a mixture that can not be separated into its constituent compounds by distillation. This compound is vaporized and condensed as a single agent, unlike the other mixtures. Azeotrop the best known is the R502 which is a mixture of 48.8% and 51.2% R22 R115. Azeotrop other is R-500, a mixture of R-12 73.8% and 26.2% R-152a.Primary Regfrigeran properties
In the selection of refrigerants, refrigerant properties that are important among other thermodynamic properties, chemical, and physical. Important thermodynamic properties such as boiling point, evaporation and condensation pressure, the pressure and critical temperature, freezing point, vapor volume, COP, energy per ton of refrigeration. Chemical properties associated with the reaction of refrigerant to the surroundings, among others, non-flammable, non toxic, does not react with water, oil and construction materials. While the physical properties of refrigerants in touch with the material itself, such as conductivity and viscosity.Primary refrigerant properties:• The pressure must be sufficiently high evaporation• Should the temperature of the refrigerant has a higher pressure, so as to avoid the possibility of a vacuum in the evaporator and the decline in volumetric efficiency due to increased compression ratio.• condensing pressure is not too high, too low when pengembunannya pressure, the compression ratio becomes lower, so the decrease in condenser performance can be avoided, but that with a lower working pressure, the machine can work more safely because of the possibility of leaks, damage, explosion and so become smaller.• Latent Heat of vaporization must be high, the refrigerant having a high latent heat of evaporation is more advantageous due to the same refrigeration capacity, the amount of circulating refrigerant becomes smaller.• the specific volume (especially in the gas phase) is quite small, refrigerant with a large latent heat of vaporization and the specific volume of gas is small (large density) will allow the use of piston compressors with a volume of smaller steps. Thus for the same refrigeration capacity size of the refrigeration unit in question becomes smaller.• have a high coefficient of performance, in terms of the thermodynamic characteristics of the refrigerant, the coefficient of performance is an important parameter for determining the operating costs.• high thermal conductivity, thermal conductivity is essential to determine the heat transfer characteristics.• Low viscosity in the liquid phase or gas phase, with decreasing resistance of refrigerant flow in the pipe, the pressure loss is reduced.• Constants of refrigerant dielektrika small, large electrical resistance, and does not cause corrosion of electrical insulator material.• Refrigerant should be stable and not react with the material used, so it also does not cause corrosion.• Refrigerant should not be toxic.• refrigerant is not flammable and is explosive.• Should the refrigerant evaporates at a pressure slightly higher than atmospheric pressure. Thus it can be prevented outside air leaks into the system because of the possibility of a vacuum refrigerant in the compressor section entry (low pressure).Boiling point refrigerant is one very important factor:
*** Refrigerant that has a low boiling point is usually used for the purposes
low operating temperature cooling (refrigeration)
*** Refrigerant that has a high boiling point are used for purposes
high temperature cooling (air cooling)
Boiling point refrigerant is an indicator that states whether the refrigerant to evaporate at low temperatures are desirable, but the pressure is too low. In terms of thermodynamics R12, R22, R500, R502, ammonia can be used for a wide temperature region, the purpose of cooling air to the refrigeration. Termofisik properties of some refrigerants are presented in the table below.
Halokarbon group numbering system is as follows: the first number from the right shows the number of fluorine atoms in the compound, the second number from the right shows a lot more value than the amount or, hidogren on the compound and the three digits from the right indicates a value less than the number of carbon atoms .2. Inorganic Compounds
Initially, when cooling is only used for special purposes, only ammonia and carbon dioxide that can be used as refrogeran. When cooling began to be introduced to the public, sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride and methylene chloride digunkan because according to the centrifugal compressor. Metilrn chloride and carbon dioxide, because the safety factor is used for air conditioning systems (AC). All of these refrigerants, except ammonia, is not used anymore, except on the old system. Ammonia has good thermal properties, and is still used on a skating rink.3. Hydrocarbon compounds
Many hydrocarbon compounds used as refrigerants, commonly used in the petroleum industry, such as methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, and isobutilen. All are flammable and explosive. Classified as slightly toxic because it contains the anesthetic effect on a certain level. Ethane, methane, and ethylene are used in extra-low temperature refrigeration.
Hydrocarbon as a refrigerant in a refrigeration system has been known since the 1920s, before the synthetic refrigerant known. Scientists are listed as a promoter of hydrocarbons as a refrigerant such as Linde (1916) and World Scientist Albert Einstein (1920). Hydrocarbon re-considered as an alternative to CFC, after the environmental aspect to the fore, and the emergence of problems in the transition from CFC to HFC, because of the need for hardware adjustments, lubricants, and special treatment in the operational use of HFC: R-134a is.
Thus the difficulty of treatment as a substitute for R-134a and R-12 still has the impact of Global Warming Potential (GWP), an NGO Greenpeace even in Germany the previous intensively encourage the transition R-12 to R-134a, and then switch promotes the use of hydrocarbons as refrigerants, such as GTZ-Technology that has been popular in mainland Europe. The use of hydrocarbon refrigerants continues to spread to many countries in the Asia-Pacific, and. These adults have been known various brands refrigerant produced by various countries, such as those originating from countries: Britain, France, Germany, Holland, Canada, Australia, America, Korea, and others, including Indonesia.
Indonesia as a country which has reserves of natural gas and petroleum, as well as fuel utilization, it also has potential as a country that may be involved in the case of hydrocarbon refrigerant and environmentally friendly products such as hydrocarbon-based: Aerosol propellant, foaming agent, solvent, and other.
Hydrocarbon refrigerant products Musi COOL is a hydrocarbon refrigerant that has been produced in the country with a grade• MC-12 and MC-134 as a replacement for refrigerant R-12 and R-134a. MC-12 and MC-134 is a mixture of propane and butane to i-butane content as low as possible so as not to interfere with the process of condensation on the cooling system. Refrigerant is used in motor vehicles, refrigerators and dispensers• MC-22 as a replacement for refrigerant R-22 MC-22 is used for air conditioning / Split type air conditioner, window or central. Refrigerant this requires a very high content of propane is 99.7% wt with impuritis butane and olefins as low as possible or close to zero so that the performance of the cooling system is running optimally.• MC-600 as the refrigerant 600A MC-600 has a content of i-butane are very high / dominant or greater than 85 wt% with a minimum propane content. Refrigerant 600A is currently used as a cooling medium in refrigerators, which operate at low pressure. Refrigerant into the future is very bright prospects because of the tendency of high usage.4. Azeotrop
Azeotrop compound is a mixture that can not be separated into its constituent compounds by distillation. This compound is vaporized and condensed as a single agent, unlike the other mixtures. Azeotrop the best known is the R502 which is a mixture of 48.8% and 51.2% R22 R115. Azeotrop other is R-500, a mixture of R-12 73.8% and 26.2% R-152a.Primary Regfrigeran properties
In the selection of refrigerants, refrigerant properties that are important among other thermodynamic properties, chemical, and physical. Important thermodynamic properties such as boiling point, evaporation and condensation pressure, the pressure and critical temperature, freezing point, vapor volume, COP, energy per ton of refrigeration. Chemical properties associated with the reaction of refrigerant to the surroundings, among others, non-flammable, non toxic, does not react with water, oil and construction materials. While the physical properties of refrigerants in touch with the material itself, such as conductivity and viscosity.Primary refrigerant properties:• The pressure must be sufficiently high evaporation• Should the temperature of the refrigerant has a higher pressure, so as to avoid the possibility of a vacuum in the evaporator and the decline in volumetric efficiency due to increased compression ratio.• condensing pressure is not too high, too low when pengembunannya pressure, the compression ratio becomes lower, so the decrease in condenser performance can be avoided, but that with a lower working pressure, the machine can work more safely because of the possibility of leaks, damage, explosion and so become smaller.• Latent Heat of vaporization must be high, the refrigerant having a high latent heat of evaporation is more advantageous due to the same refrigeration capacity, the amount of circulating refrigerant becomes smaller.• the specific volume (especially in the gas phase) is quite small, refrigerant with a large latent heat of vaporization and the specific volume of gas is small (large density) will allow the use of piston compressors with a volume of smaller steps. Thus for the same refrigeration capacity size of the refrigeration unit in question becomes smaller.• have a high coefficient of performance, in terms of the thermodynamic characteristics of the refrigerant, the coefficient of performance is an important parameter for determining the operating costs.• high thermal conductivity, thermal conductivity is essential to determine the heat transfer characteristics.• Low viscosity in the liquid phase or gas phase, with decreasing resistance of refrigerant flow in the pipe, the pressure loss is reduced.• Constants of refrigerant dielektrika small, large electrical resistance, and does not cause corrosion of electrical insulator material.• Refrigerant should be stable and not react with the material used, so it also does not cause corrosion.• Refrigerant should not be toxic.• refrigerant is not flammable and is explosive.• Should the refrigerant evaporates at a pressure slightly higher than atmospheric pressure. Thus it can be prevented outside air leaks into the system because of the possibility of a vacuum refrigerant in the compressor section entry (low pressure).Boiling point refrigerant is one very important factor:
*** Refrigerant that has a low boiling point is usually used for the purposes
low operating temperature cooling (refrigeration)
*** Refrigerant that has a high boiling point are used for purposes
high temperature cooling (air cooling)
Boiling point refrigerant is an indicator that states whether the refrigerant to evaporate at low temperatures are desirable, but the pressure is too low. In terms of thermodynamics R12, R22, R500, R502, ammonia can be used for a wide temperature region, the purpose of cooling air to the refrigeration. Termofisik properties of some refrigerants are presented in the table below.
Termofisik nature of some of the refrigerantAttributes and Attributes Work Environment
Selection of other refrigerants is based on labor and environmental attributes. Refrigerant is the nature of the job attributes associated with the use of refrigerants. Properties were compared with the same workload or evaporation temperature and condensation temperature of the same. Properties compared to other antra COP, the cooling effect, as well as condensation and evaporation pressure. Table 5.2 shows the attributes miraculous work with the refrigerant condensing temperature of 300C and-150C evaporation temperature.Work attributes some of refrigerant
Environmental attributes of a refrigerant duhubungkan with reaction time regardless of refrigerant in the atmosphere. At halokarbon refrigerant, the refrigerant is chlorine atom will bond with ozone in the atmosphere, thus causing the ozone depletion that causes global warming. There are three types of environmental attributes which are commonly known, GWP, ODP, and atmospheric year.
GWP (Global Warming Potential) is a measure of how much the amount of greenhouse gases are expected to affect global warming. GWP is a relative measure which compares the gas that we want to know its value with CO2 gas in the same amount. GWP also be measured in the same time, generally measured in 100 years. ODP (Ozone depletion Pottential) is a parameter that states the ability to bind to a refrigerant with ozone in the stratosphere. Generally, the more chlorine ions in a higher refrigerant then ODPnya. Life cycle determines the length of a gas decomposes in the atmosphere. Environmental attributes some of the refrigerant is shown in the table below.Environmental attributes of primary refrigerantSecondary refrigerants
As described previously, the secondary refrigerant is a fluid that carries heat from the cooled object to the evaporator of a refrigeration system. Secondary refrigerant temperature will change when the refrigerant takes the heat but does not change phase. Water can be used as a secondary refrigerant, but only for the operating conditions above the freezing point of water. Refrigerants commonly used is a mixture of salt and water (brine) or anti-freeze that has a freezing point below 00C. Some commonly used anti-freeze is a mixture of water with ethylene glycol, glycol or calcium chloride propiln. Ethylene glycol can be used in the food industry because it is not toxic.
Selection of other refrigerants is based on labor and environmental attributes. Refrigerant is the nature of the job attributes associated with the use of refrigerants. Properties were compared with the same workload or evaporation temperature and condensation temperature of the same. Properties compared to other antra COP, the cooling effect, as well as condensation and evaporation pressure. Table 5.2 shows the attributes miraculous work with the refrigerant condensing temperature of 300C and-150C evaporation temperature.Work attributes some of refrigerant
Environmental attributes of a refrigerant duhubungkan with reaction time regardless of refrigerant in the atmosphere. At halokarbon refrigerant, the refrigerant is chlorine atom will bond with ozone in the atmosphere, thus causing the ozone depletion that causes global warming. There are three types of environmental attributes which are commonly known, GWP, ODP, and atmospheric year.
GWP (Global Warming Potential) is a measure of how much the amount of greenhouse gases are expected to affect global warming. GWP is a relative measure which compares the gas that we want to know its value with CO2 gas in the same amount. GWP also be measured in the same time, generally measured in 100 years. ODP (Ozone depletion Pottential) is a parameter that states the ability to bind to a refrigerant with ozone in the stratosphere. Generally, the more chlorine ions in a higher refrigerant then ODPnya. Life cycle determines the length of a gas decomposes in the atmosphere. Environmental attributes some of the refrigerant is shown in the table below.Environmental attributes of primary refrigerantSecondary refrigerants
As described previously, the secondary refrigerant is a fluid that carries heat from the cooled object to the evaporator of a refrigeration system. Secondary refrigerant temperature will change when the refrigerant takes the heat but does not change phase. Water can be used as a secondary refrigerant, but only for the operating conditions above the freezing point of water. Refrigerants commonly used is a mixture of salt and water (brine) or anti-freeze that has a freezing point below 00C. Some commonly used anti-freeze is a mixture of water with ethylene glycol, glycol or calcium chloride propiln. Ethylene glycol can be used in the food industry because it is not toxic.
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