LEARNING COMPUTER COMPONENTS BASIC & REPAIR

SOFTWARE I / O
Device I / O (Input / Output) is connected to a computer system via the I / O bus and has a special function to enter data or process data or process data output from the computer.
This type of device I / O are common in the PC terdir of:
Monitor
Keyboard
Mouse
Printer
Scanner

Device I / O> Monitor
Monitor is the principal tool on every computer that provides visual information on users of the program execution is happening on the computer.
Monitor types are distinguished by:
Display technology, the CRT and LCD
Diagonal screen size, namely: 14, 15, 17 and 21 inch.
Resolution in pixels, the number of picture elements (pixels) (horizontal x vertical). Generally, 640x480, 800x600, 1024x768, 1280x1024 and 1600x120.
Dot pitch, the distance between the pixel range from 0.25 to 0.30 mm.
Refresh rate, the frequency of the display screen to be redrawn every second, ranging from 43 to 150Hz.
Device I / O> Keyboard
The keyboard is a device I / O basics to give commands and enter data on the computer.
Keyboard divided by the number and completeness of the function keys are available on:
Enhanced 101-key
104-key Windows
83-key PC and XT (old type)
84-key AT (old type)
Connector to connect the keyboard to the computer consists of the type:
5 pin DIN, the form factor motherboard with Baby_AT
6 pin min DIN, used on the computer PS / 2 and PC with a motherboard LPX, ATX and NLX

Device I / O> Mouse
Mouse is a pointing device (pointing devices) used to enter commands on a computer that uses the operating system with graphical user interface (GUI).
The user moves the mouse on a flat surface to move the cursor and select a specific area or picture elements are displayed on the screen.
Types of connectors for connecting to a computer mouse, among others:
Serial, type male 9-pin or 25 pin
PS / 2
USB

Device I / O> Printers
Printer function to create a printed copy (hard copy) of a document or image file.
Assessed the quality of the printer resolution is measured in dpi (dots per inch), ie the number of dots that can be made in a straight line one inch. Generally a printer has the same level of resolution in the horizontal and vertical, for example 300x300 dpi.

Type of printer:
Laser, works like a photo copy machine to create an electrostatic version of the objects on light sensitive drum which is then sprayed with a toner. Polatoner on the drums was transferred to the paper.
Inject, using ink are sprayed from the nozzle fines.
Dot matrix, using the pin that is pressed on the inked ribbon to create a pattern printed on paper.

Device I / O> Scanner
Scanner function to change the various types of photo and print documents into a readable format and stored on a computer.
This type of scanner consists of:
Handheld
Sheet fed
Slide
Photo
Drum

SOFTWARE INTERFACE
Device Interface (Interface card) or adapter card-shaped electronic circuit board is mounted on the function expansion slot to add or enhance certain capabilities of the computer.

A common type of interface card is:
Sound Card
Video Card
Modem
Network Card

Interface Devices> Sound Card
Function is to add a sound card sound file processing capabilities on the computer and set up communication with the computer anata audio devices like speakers and microphones.
Sound Card is equipped with a range of ports for connecting audio devices such as: speaker, microphone, joystick and midi tools.

Device Interface> Video Card
Video Card serves as the interface signals process data from a computer display screen.
Components on the video card consists of:
Video Bios
Video Processor
Video Memory
DAC (Digital Analog CONVENTER)
Bus Connector
Videi Driver

Standard type of monitor to the video card technology consists of:
MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter)
HCG (Hercules Graphics Card)
CGA (Color Graphics Adapter)
AGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter)
VGA (Videi Graphics Adapter)
SVGA (Super VGA)
XGA (Extended Graphics Array)

Interface Devices> Modem
Modem (modulator / demodulator) function to convert digital data from a computer into analog signals suitable to be sent via phone line (modulation) and kebalikkannya which converts analog signals received from the telephone line to digital data to a computer (the modulation).
The common use of a modem to connect to the internet via dial up telephone lines (PSTN). For the modem is equipped with ports for connecting a phone cord.
Modem types are distinguished by:
Installation, classified on the internal and external modems.
Communication protocols, such as V.21, V.34, V.32 and V.90

Interface Devices> Network Card interface
Network interface card (NIC) is used to connect computers in local network.
Type of NIC and the network cable connection system varies according to the network technology used.
Local network of technology include:
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Token Ring
ARCnet
Tips Upgrade Memory Laptop & Desktop Computer
          In a desktop computer (PC) or laptop, memory or RAM (Random Access Memory) is very involved in the performance and computer performance. This time we will know a little deeper into what it is memory / RAM (Random Access Memory) and know the types of RAM such as DDR, DDR2 and DDR3 SDRAM, as well as tips on upgrading the RAM correctly. see also supporting components for computer

 

  

RAM stands for Random Access Memory, which is a type of memory that is volatile (may be added, changed and deleted). The converse is a ROM (Read Only Memory) which is non-volatile or can not be added, changed or deleted. Other forms of ROM including EEPROM chip. Said to be volatile because after the computer is restarted, for example, data stored in RAM is lost. Meanwhile, data in the ROM (non-volatile) still remains stored.
          On a computer, RAM (Random Access Memory) or Memory is a device for storing data accessed by the processor / CPU (Central Processing Unit). Data in RAM can be accessed at random at the same speed, so-called Random (random). Data stored in RAM is temporary, as it will only exist if there is no electricity or when the computer is on and will be lost if the computer dies. Basically the greater the capacity of RAM, the faster the process is done because the CPU / processor can process more data.

          Existing data in the memory Laptop / Computer can be accessed much faster than those in the hard drive, DDR2 SDRAM only to be over 40 to 100 times faster than disk access, and for the type of DDR3 can be 100 to 300 times faster than access to disk (as a picture, SATA hard disk access to the highest current transfer rate of about 80-100 MB / s, while USB 2.0 between 10MB / s to 20 MB / s).

This type of memory RAM (Random Access Memory)
          Today most computers are already using DDR3 Memory type (some types of DDR2). Prior to 2002, is still popular computer using the memory type of Double Data Rate (SDR) SDRAM. But along with technological development, its use is being replaced by DDR (Double Data Rate), ranging from DDR1, DDR2 and now DDR3 which is widely circulated. DDR is theoretically capable of performing a transfer rate of 2X faster than SDRAM.

          Development of the RAM memory of the previous and latest versions generally have a higher data rate and requires a lower power. In theory DDR2 2x the data rate has the same specifications than DDR1. DDR3 also has the advantage over DDR2, such as higher performance on the power / lesser power, higher bandwidth, latency is more superior.

          Each type of RAM are not mutually compatible and designed with a different slot, so if we mistakenly put, for example, should be computer / laptop using DDR1 memory types we put DDR2 memory types are not automatically going into the slot, see figure below for more he explained.

RAM memory types also vary in terms of work methods and design (module). Laptop / notebook using module type SODIMM (Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module) (DDR-SDRAM, DDR2-SDRAM or DDR3-SDRAM). So, if you want to buy RAM memory for notebook, select the type of type of SODIMM DDR-SDRAM, DDR2-SDRAM or DDR3-SDRAM, which is used depends on your laptop. So do not buy the wrong RAM memory for personal computer (PC) to be installed on the laptop, because of the shape memory RAM for laptop memory design is smaller than the personal computer (PC).

Consideration of Upgrade Memory (RAM)
           Upgrading memory is usually done because of the need to increase the performance of computer / laptop and because of the requirements that must be met in order to install certain software. For example when you are using heavy applications like video processing / audio / graphics / gaming operation requires minimum memory size for the software can run more smoothly and normally.

           Memory is usually the addition will improve the performance of your computer / laptop is sifnifikan, but we need to know the memory usage by an amount too large (exceeds the performance of your computer) is usually not much of an effect, ie if the RAM is over 4 GB, usually not much visible improvement. For example, Windows 7 generally requires at least 2 GB of memory, so for those who are less in need of upgrading in order to obtain good performance, but when we upgrade the memory in this case exceeds 4 GB felt it would be too big, choose a memory in accordance with the requirements of your computer.

RAM Memory Upgrade Steps

 

• To increase (upgrade) RAM is relatively easy, installed RAM memory location is very accessible / reachable. We only need a Phillips screwdriver only. We live to know what kind of RAM that is used and whether there memeriksan empty slot to install RAM or can use software such as Speccy to find an empty slot and the type of memory used. Noteworthy is the similarity of RAM, because it will not match DDR1 to DDR2, and DDR3 DDR2 does not match. Required the same type when it will upgrade the RAM. Memory for notebook / laptop RAM is slightly different in size to a desktop computer (PC), laptop RAM size is only half the RAM PC. When buying a computer store can mention the SO-DIMM (small outline dual in-line memory module). DIMM is a type of slot for the Memory.
• Keep in mind that the RAM has a variety of types, such as DDR3-6400, DDR3-8500, DDR3-10 600 and the other (the higher, the transfer rate is also greater). Although for different types are compatible, but the RAM will run with a lower type. For example, 10 600 2 GB DDR3 at DDR3-8500 to join the 2GB, the amount of RAM will increase to 4 GB, but will adjust the lowest performance (DDR3-8500).
• The maximum number of RAM depending on the motherboard and operating system used. For 32-bit operating systems typically do not support over 4GB of RAM, whereas for 64-bit systems, can theoretically support up to 192 GB of RAM (Windows 7 Ultimate). In addition it is also sometimes limited by the maximum number of motherboards. To find out more clearly the appropriate model of memory RAM with your computer please download the service manual below (for laptops):

LAPTOP SERVICE MANUAL

 
ACER
APPLE
ASUS
BenQ
Clevo

Compaq / HP
DELL / ALIENWARE
GATEWAY
IBM / Lenovo
JVC

LG
NEC
PANASONIC
SAMSUNG
SONY

TOSHIBA
• Before installing the new RAM memory, computer / laptop MUST be completely turned off (shutdown), not in standby or hibernate mode. When done in this mode, it can damage the memory. For that, use the menu "Start | Turn Off Computer | Turn Off", remove the laptop battery voltage or the time of installation.