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Hopefully, this module can be useful and at least give an overview to the general public about the ease in assembling the computer.
Discussion on the module assembling materials and troubleshooting computer is divided into three parts:
1. The introduction of computer technology with the hardware approach (hardware approach) that explain part of the overall computer system either partially or detailed approach to facilitate the introduction of computer hardware in a comprehensive and applicable.
2. Computer assemble, explain how to assemble a computer with practical guidance along with pictures and explanations.
3. Troubleshooting, describes the detection of errors in computer assembling and solving them.
Introduction of Computer Hardware
In summary then the computer system consists of three important parts of
1. CPU (Central Processing Unit) / Processor
2. Memory (RAM and ROM)
3. Input / Output.
In simple block diagram can be seen in figure 1.1
Where the CPU / Processor, Memory and I / O Port is located (installed) on the Mother Board, will further itemized parts of the computer is:
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1. Central Processing Unit / Processor
A major part of the computer because the processor serves to regulate all activities that exist on the computer. Speed of the processor unit is MHz (Mega Hertz) or GHz (1000 megahertz), where the greater the value the faster the process of execution on the computer.
2. Memory
Memory function for storing data and programs. Various types of memory is the fastest access until late. Based on the access speed of the memory hierarchy can be made as in table 1.1. follows.
In addition to expressing the relation of speed, the hierarchy also state relations - another relationship, namely:
- Relationships Price: The price is down is getting cheaper. (Prices are calculated based on dollars per bit of data is stored).
- Relationship Capacity: The above is generally more limited capacity.
- Usage frequency relationship: The higher the frequency of accessing up.
Each time the processor execution, processors must read the instructions from main memory. So that instruction can be done quickly then it should be sought on the instructions available in the memory hierarchy higher-speed access. Execution speed will improve system performance. For that there are two levels of memory concept, which once housed temporarily in memory at a higher hierarchy.
2.1 Register Memory
Is a type of memory where the fastest access speed, memory is contained on the CPU / Processor.
Example: Data Register, Register Address, Stack Pointer Register, Register Addresss Memory, I / O address registers, the Instruction Register, etc..
2.2 Cache Memory
Limited memory capacity, high-speed is more expensive than main memory. This Cachememory exists between main memory and processor registers, functioning
so that processors do not directly refer to the main memory so that performance can be improved.
Cache Memory There are two kinds:
1. Cache Memory contained on the internal processor, this type of cache memory access speed is very high, and very expensive. This can be seen in the high-priced processors like P4, P3, AMD Athlon, etc., the higher the capacity of L1, L2 Chace memory, the more expensive and increasingly ceppat Processor.2. Located outside the Chace Memory Processor, which is located on the motherboard, this type of memory access speed is very high, although not as fast as the first type of cache memory (which is on the internal processor). The bigger the capacity the more expensive and faster. This can take a look at the motherboard with a wide range of cache memory capacity of 256KB, 512kb, 1Mb, 2Mb, etc..
2.3. Main Memory
Memory serves to store data and programs. Main Memory Type:
1. ROM (Read Only Memory) is memory that can only be read only data or programs. On the PC, the ROM contained in the BIOS (Basic Input Output System) found on the Mother Board which serves for setting the peripherals that exist in the system.
Example: AMIBIOS, AWARD BIOS, etc.
BIOS ROM for whom there are beragamjenis BIOS type Flash EEPROM that has the ability to be replaced with a software program provided by the manufacturer perusahhan Mother Board, which is generally a replacement was to increase the performance of existing peripherals on Mother Board.
2. RAM (Random Access Memory) which has the ability to be changed data or programs stored therein.
There is a miraculous kind of RAM in the market today:
• SRAM
• EDORAM
• SDRAM
• DDRAM
• RDRAM
• VGRAM
• Etc..
In the known types of RAM memory BUS SPEED terms, such as PC66, PC100, PC 133, PC200, PC 400 etc. which means it is the speed of data flow or program on the memory where the greater value BUS SPEED, the faster access to memory.
2.4 Secondary Memory
Is additional memory that serves to store data or programs. Example: Hard drive, Floppy Disks, etc.The relationship between Chace Memory, Main Memory and Secondary Memory can be explained by Figure 1.3, the following:
3. Input / Output Unit
Input / Output Unit is part of the computer to receive data as well as removing / displaying the data after processing by the processor. To facilitate discussion of the Input / Output unit, in this book will be explained in two parts, namely:
- Port I / O
- Peripheral I / O
3.1 I / O Port
I / O port is a port or gate or where the installation of connector of I / O. Where every I / O ports under the control of the processor.
1. Parallel port (LPT1 or LPT2)
Is the port for equipment that works by transmitting data in parallel. Examples of equipment that uses these ports are: Printer, Scanner etc.
2. Serial port (COM1, COM2)
Is the port for equipment that works with a serial data transmission. Examples of equipment that uses these ports are: Mouse, Modem, etc..
3. Port AT / PS2
These ports are generally used for input from the Keyboard, Mouse.
4. USB Port
USB Port (Universal Serial Bus) port is a universal serial port for equipment that works with a serial data transmission. Examples of equipment that uses the USB port: Digital Camera
5. VGA Port
Is the port that relate directly to the monitor. VGA port obtained from the installation of VGA card.
6. Port Audio
Port is directly related to audio equipment such as Tape, Radio, Speaker, Microphone, etc..
3.2 Peripheral I / O
Peripherals are something that refers to the external equipment connected to the computer. Computer peripherals can be divided into two categories based on function. The first category consists of tools that perform input and output operations, this category includes the keyboard, trackball, mouse, printers, and video displays. The second category consists of the preferred equipment in the secondary data storage, where storage is mainly provided by the main memory komputer.Ada lot of storage equipment, such as magnetic disks, optical disks, magnetic tapes, which are able to store large data.
In this module will introduce the equipment commonly used in Personal Computer (PC):
• KeyBoard
• Monitor
• Mouse
• Printer
• Scanner
• Disk Drive, Zip Drive
• CD ROM Drive
5. Development of Computer Hardware
The development of electronic technology of the most rapidly and widely used in many fields in menyelasaikan work or to obtain information is none other than the computer. The development of the computer is caused by the development of the microprocessor (processor) as the brain in dealing with the whole of the computer work.
4.1 The development of Intel's Microprocessor and Personal Computer (PC)
In accordance with the time evolution of generations of processors are emerging with more sophisticated on performance, both in quality and complexity.
Development of the processor type:• XT 8086 - 8088
• AT 286, AT 386, AT 486
• Pentium I: AT 80 586 with 50 Mhz, 70 Mhz, 90 MH z, 100 Mhz, 133 Mhz
• Pentium II 266 Mhz., 300 Mhz, 350 Mhz, 400 Mhz, 450 Mhz.
• Pentium III: 500 Mhz, 550 Mhz, 600 Mhz, 650 Mhz, 700 Mhz.
• And now the latest generation of Pentium IV
4.3 Processor in addition to Intel and its development
Share of the lucrative market for computer technology in Indonesia led to the existing processor in the market not only Intel products Co. but other companies such as AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) and Cyrix also issued several types of processors are trying to match products from Intel.
Products from AMD, among others:
AMD K-5, AMD K-6, AMD K6-2, AMD K6-3, AMD K-7, AMD Duron, AMD Athlon. Where is AMD's products are found a few and recently surpassed the capabilities of Intel's products.
Here is a comparison of the data architecture of AMD and Intel products and Benchmark results (Test Reliability uProcessor). AMD processors are known with a cheaper price with the reliability that is not inferior to Intel products.
In addition to AMD, Processor other brands on the market Indonesia is a brand processor Cyrix 6x86 Cyrix ie, M-II, and M-III, but unfortunately the processor is not as successful brands Cyrix AMD to create a rival to Intel processors.
The following will be shown several Image Processor:
4.3 Mother Boards
Mother Board is a board / main board where all the devices installed starting from the processor, memory, slots for expansion, etc..
That must be considered in selecting or assembling Mother board is that each motherboard has different specifications for each brand or type, among others:
1. Every motherboard has a pair with a particular processor, ie type of socket or slot available for the processor.
2. Motherboard ability to be in the Up-grade to how much processor speed. Generally, the motherboard is able to be upgraded by replacing processor.Informasi about this very important to purchase a motherboard with consideration to be upgraded.3. Memory capacity of RAM that can be installed on the motherboard The larger memory capacities disediakn increasingly profitable.
4. Slots available for each type of RAM, for example, how many slots are provided for EDO RAM, SDRAM, etc..
5. The motherboard is the BIOS settings (software) atu a jumper setting.
6. The number of slots for PCI and ISA. Slot slot is very useful for adding peripherals such as audio card.
7. Does the motherboard support for VGA cards for AGP, support AGP will be more profitable to stock if desired increased graphics capabilities of computers by installing an AGP card.
8. Bus speed for the memory up to speed how (66,100,133,200,400 Mhz).
9. Is the VGA card and the audio card is onboard or not.
10. Mother Boards Power Supply for AT or ATX or Baby AT.
All information above can be known from the manual book which is on the motherboard.
Bebrapa atautu Slot type Socket for processor include:
1. Slot 1
2. Slot 2
3. Socket7
4. Slot A
5. Socket A
6. Socket 370
7. Socket 8
8. Socket 423
Slot1
Mother Boards are made to support P-III Processor and Celeron
Slot2
Motherboards are made to support the Pentium II Xeon Processor
Socket 7
Mother Boards are made to support the AMD K6-2 processor, AMD K6-3 and Cyrix M-II and Pentium MMX.Slot AMother Boards are made to support the AMD Athlon Processor, AMD Thunderbird.Socket AMother Boards are made to support the AMD Athlon and AMD Duron.Socket 370Motherboards are designed to support Intel ® Pentium ® III (Tualatin and Coppermine) / CeleronTMSocket 8Mother Boards are made to support the Pentium ® II processor and Pentium ® Pro.Socket 423Mother Boards are made to support the Pentium-4.Motherboard Socket7
Slot 1 motherboard
Motherboard for Pentium 4 Processor
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